Mechanism Analysis of Moisture-Induced Failure of a Magnesium-Based Ignition Composition for Electric Match Heads
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摘要:为了揭示电点火头用镁点火药的受潮失效机理，分析了易导致其受潮失效的因素，测试了镁粉、镁点火药及电点火头的吸湿性能。结果表明：电点火头单独受潮后作用时间无明显变化；使用吸湿后的镁粉时，平均作用时间从8.4 ms延长至13.4 ms；使用吸湿后的镁点火药或使其与黑火药共同受潮时，产品均出现瞎火。点火药中Mg(OH)2含量为3%～6%时，与发火性能无明显关联。黑火药吸湿/脱水特性试验表明，黑火药能与环境中的水分通过自由交换达到约0.6%的平衡含水量，这容易导致电点火头在贮存过程中失效。镁点火药受潮导致电点火头失效的机理可分为3种：水分吸热导致燃温不足、水分阻隔反应物接触而降低反应速率、以及氢氧化镁阻碍持续反应。
Abstract:In order to reveal the moisture-induced failure mechanism of a magnesium-based ignition composition used in electric match heads, this study analyzed the factors that easily lead to moisture-induced failure of such heads and tested the hygroscopic properties of magnesium powder, the magnesium ignition composition, and the electric match heads themselves. The results show that moisture alone has no significant effect on the function time of the electric match heads. When hygroscopic magnesium powder is used, the average function time increases from 8.4 ms to 13.4 ms. When the hygroscopic magnesium ignition composition is used, or when it is subjected to moisture together with black powder, the products all misfire. When the Mg(OH)2 content in the ignition composition is between 3% and 6%, there is no clear correlation with ignition performance. Hygroscopicity and dehydration tests on black powder indicate that black powder can reach an equilibrium moisture content of approximately 0.6% through free exchange with ambient moisture, which can easily lead to failure of the electric match heads during storage. The moisture-induced failure mechanism of the magnesium ignition composition can be categorized into three types: insufficient combustion temperature due to heat absorption by moisture, reduced reaction rate due to moisture blocking reactant contact, and hindrance of sustained reaction by magnesium hydroxide.
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