发烟弹与爆震弹枪击安全性对比试验与机理研究
基金项目:
装备综合研究基金资助项目（xx2023B010100-13）；2023基础前沿创新基金资助项目（WJY202331）。
Comparative Testing of Gunfire Safety for Smoke Grenades and Stun Grenades
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摘要:为评估防暴弹药在枪击条件下的安全性，参考 GJB 6238.28-2021 的试验流程，在 12 m射距、弹速（935±5）m·s-1 条件下，用 95-1 式自动步枪发射 5.8 mm 普通弹，分别对某型发烟弹和某型强光爆震弹进行枪击试验。采用高速摄影、破片测速及残骸称重等手段，记录不同着弹部位的响应。结果表明：发烟弹主装药被贯穿后未发生燃烧或爆炸，仅延期解保机构失效时出现可控发烟；强光爆震弹主装药一旦被击中即发生剧烈爆炸，最重破片（击发座，44.51 g）初始动能 297.4 J，按 98 J 致伤阈值计算杀伤半径 4.63 m；若枪弹仅击中爆震弹空腔或延期机构且传火通道被切断，则仅机构损坏而不引爆。研究认为，主装药感度与弹体结构是决定枪击安全性的关键因素，建议爆炸型防暴弹采用低感度药剂或双层壳体设计，并在储存及使用时设置≥5 m 安全隔离区，为防暴弹药的安全性评价与使用规程修订提供依据。
Abstract:To evaluate the safety of riot control munitions under gunfire, tests were conducted in accordance with the GJB 6238.28-2021. A Type 95-1 assault rifle was used to fire 5.8 mm ball cartridges at a specified distance of 12 m, achieving an impact velocity of （935±5）m·s-1 against both a smoke grenade and a stun grenade. The response from different impact locations was monitored using high-speed imaging, fragment velocity measurement, and debris weighing. Results indicated that perforation of the smoke grenade's main charge did not lead to combustion or detonation. Controlled smoke emission occurred only upon failure of the delay arming mechanism. In contrast, impact on the stun grenade's main charge caused violent detonation. The heaviest fragment (the firing base, 44.51 g) attained a kinetic energy of 297.4 J, resulting in a calculated injury radius of 4.63 m based on the 98 J criterion. No detonation was observed when the bullet hit only the air cavity or the arming mechanism, severing the fire-transfer path, causing only mechanical damage. It is concluded that the key factors determining bullet-impact safety are the sensitivity of the main charge and the structural design of the munition. Therefore, for explosive-type riot munitions, the use of less-sensitive formulations or double-layer casings is recommended, alongside maintaining a safety zone of no less than 5 m during storage and operation. This study provides a basis for safety assessments and the revision of operational protocols.
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