点火药的研究进展与展望
基金项目:
国家自然科学基金项目（No. 22175025）。
Research Progress and Prospect of Ignition Powders
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摘要:作为武器系统的重要组成部分，点火系统的性能直接影响到武器的发射效率和作战效果，因而点火药的性能尤为重要。以硼/硝酸钾为代表的非金属类点火药的研究已经较为深入，但该点火药面临着点火温度过高、硼粉老化及吸湿等问题。以金属粉作为可燃剂的金属类点火药具有高能量密度、良好的机械性能和独特的能量释放特性，但燃烧速率较慢。因此，研究人员进行了大量实验研究，制备出具有层状或核壳结构的反应材料，可以大大增加氧化剂和金属燃料之间的接触面积，并缩短传质距离，从而提高反应效率。近年来，含能配合物类点火药的研究成为本领域的研究热点，研究表明以含能配合物作为燃料，设计点火药配方，能够显著实现点火药的性能调控性能。
Abstract:As an important part of the weapon system, the performance of the ignition system directly affects the firing efficiency and combat effect of the weapon, making the performance of the ignition powders particularly important. The research on nonmetallic ignition powders represented by boron/potassium nitrate has been relatively in-depth, but it still faces problems such as high ignition temperature, aging of boron powder and moisture absorption. Metal based ignition powders with metal powder as combustible agent have high energy density, good mechanical properties and unique energy release characteristics, but their combustion rate is relative slow. Therefore, researchers have carried out extensive experimental studies to prepare reaction materials with layered or core-shell structures, which can greatly increase the contact area between the oxidizers and metal fuels, shorten the mass transfer distance, and thus improve reaction efficiency. In recent years, the research on energetic complexes based ignition powders has become a hot topic in this field. Studies show that using energetic complexes as fuel and designing ignition powder formulations can significantly achieve the performance control of ignition powders.
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